Corundum definition: a white, grey , blue , green , red, yellow, or brown mineral, found in metamorphosed | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and 

Corundum: An Open-Source 100-Gbps NIC Alex Forencich, Alex C. Snoeren, George Porter, George Papen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, San Diego fjforenci, snoeren, gmporter, [email protected] Abstract

Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide, with impurities or trace elements such as iron, titanium, or chromium. These impurities are what create the wide range of colors to be found in corundum crystals: grays, browns, yellows, greens, blues, purples, reds and pinks. It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different

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Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with traces of iron, titanium and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral. It is one of the naturally 

The biggest difference between ruby gemstones and other varieties of corundum is they usually do not grow as large. Chromium does not mix with the corundum as well as other elements during formation. This makes it difficult to grow to large sizes, and normally grows very shallowly too. Poor natural formation of most rubies is the reason the

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The color of corundum gems is therefore determined by trace element impurities that are in solution in the corundum lattice. Such gems are referred to as allochromatic ("other colored"). "In solution" is an important distinction to make. Sugar dissolved in water is "in solution.". Fine sand stirred into water is not.

Corundum is best known for its gem varieties, Ruby and Sapphire. Ruby and Sapphire are scientifically the same mineral, but just differ in color. Ruby is the red variety, and Sapphire is the variety that encompasses all other colors, although the most popular and valued color of Sapphire is blue. Sapphire is also only used to describe the gem

Heat Treatment of Corundum Heat treatment of gemstones to is done to improve their appearance. Heat treatment may change the color of corundum for a variety of reasons. In some cases, heating the stone causes changes in the oxidation state of impurites. An especially important example involves reduction of Fe (conversion of Fe+++ to Fe++).

Corundum, the name originated from India, is a mineralogical name. There are three main variants of the homogeneity of corundum Al2O3, namely α-Al2O3, β-Al2O3, and γ-Al2O3. The hardness of corundum is second only to diamond. Corundum is mainly used for